D Caries essays

D Caries papers Caries have been a consistent irritation to people, rotting teeth can turn into a significant issue for those influenced. It is surely not the most seasoned pathology, nor the one of the best commonness all through mankind, yet the data that can be extrapolate from such pathologies is incredible. The point of this paper is to diagram the pathology of caries and the impact that these have had on the human populaces influenced. Caries or caries dentium is the regular name for tooth rot. It is a nearby infection, which is described by an irreversible and changeless devastation of the tooth hard tissue, finish. Hence spreads the obliteration to the remainder of the tooth and, and perhaps prompting tooth misfortune and conceivably diseases in different regions, all the more explicitly through the maxillary or mandibular territories. Additionally I have incorporated some different imperfections that are import and not exclusively to the perception of caries yet by and large pathologies and their suggestions for the people influenced. In this paper I will endeavor to plot the reasons for this ailment and a portion of the various components that cause it, the same number of contribute to the procedure. Likewise I will show how these progressions were realized and how these influenced the people with caries. To start I will acquaint the peruser he with different imperfections that influence a similar territory and ought to be viewed as when any examination of the zone is to be comprehended. Any unsettling influence, for example, serious disease can disturb finish development. That interruption of lacquer development will leave a suffering record as a bewilderment of veneer crystals. Since the human dental development succession is known, the age at which the lacquer aggravation happened can be resolved from the area of the unsettling influence inside the veneer. A standard outline for dental improvement can be counseled for this reason. There is broad writing (presently more than 500 articles) on the study of disease transmission and etiology of finish abandons. A significant number of which have been... <!

History of American Economic Growth in the 20th Century

History of American Economic Growth in the twentieth Century As the American economy developed in the twentieth century, the freewheeling business magnate lost shine as an American perfect. The essential change accompanied the rise of the enterprise, which showed up first in the railroad business. Different enterprises before long followed. Business noblemen were being supplanted by technocrats, high-salaried directors who turned into the heads of organizations. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the time of the industrialist and the looter nobleman was finding some conclusion. It was less that these compelling and affluent business people (who for the most part by and by claimed greater part and controlling stakes in their industry) vanished, yet rather that they were supplanted with corporations. The ascent of the partnership activated, thus, the ascent of a sorted out work development that filled in as a countervailing power to the force and impact of business. The Changing Face of the Early American Corporation The biggest mid twentieth century companies were a lot bigger and more confounded than the business ventures that preceded. To keep up gainfulness in a changing financial atmosphere, American organizations in businesses as assorted as oil refining to bourbon refining started to develop in the late nineteenth century. These new companies, or trusts, were abusing a system known as even blend, which allowed those enterprises the capacity to restrict creation so as to raise costs and look after productivity. Be that as it may, these companies normally ran into legitimate difficulty as infringement of the Sherman Antitrust Act. A few organizations took another course, utilizing a procedure of vertical incorporation. Rather than keeping up costs through control of the creation gracefully as in even procedures, vertical methodologies depended on getting control in all parts of the flexibly bind required to deliver their item, which gave these partnerships more authority over their expenses. With more command over costs came progressively steady and ensured benefit for the partnership. With the advancement of these progressively confused companies came the requirement for new administration methodologies. In spite of the fact that the exceptionally brought together administration of past times didn't altogether vanish, these new associations offered ascend to progressively decentralized dynamic through divisions. While still managed by focal administration, divisional corporate officials would in the long run be given greater obligation regarding business choices and initiative in their own bit of the company. By the 1950s, this multi-divisional authoritative structure turned into the developing standard for enormous enterprises, which by and large moved partnerships from dependence on prominent officials and cemented the fall of the business nobles of the past.â â The Technological Revolution of the 1980s and 1990s The innovative upheaval of the 1980s and 1990s,â however, brought another enterprising society that resounded the period of big shots. For example, Bill Gates, the head of Microsoft, assembled a colossal fortune creating and selling PC programming. Doors cut out a domain so beneficial that by the late 1990s, his organization was taken into court and blamed for threatening opponents and making an imposing business model by the U.S. Equity Departments antitrust division. Yet, Gates likewise settled a beneficent establishment that immediately turned into the biggest of its sort. Most American business pioneers of today don't lead the prominent existence of Gates. They contrast enormously from the head honchos of the past. While they direct the destiny of partnerships, they likewise serve on sheets of noble cause and schools. They are worried about the condition of the national economy and Americas relationship with different countries, and they are probably going to travel to Washingto n to meet with government authorities. While they without a doubt impact the administration, they don't control it - as certain head honchos in the Gilded Age accepted they did.

Where are we going

Where are we going At East Campus HouseComm last week, we learned something unexpected. Our housemasters of several years, Prof. Julian Wheatley and his wife Marjorie, will be leaving for South Asia at the end of this school year. Which means that we will have to find a new housemaster. The new housemaster will be chosen by a committee, which is comprised of other housemasters, Student Life staff, two GRTs, and two residents of the dorm. We held elections to choose the two student reps. A lot of people ran, more than Ive seen run for any position in East Campus. We talked about ourselves for a few minutes, then got kicked out so that everyone could talk about us and the halls could vote (in EC, there are ten halls, and each hall gets a single vote in HouseComm). Eventually, Conor 07 (of 2nd West) and I were chosen for the two spots, giving me yet another hat to wear. Whoever the new housemaster is, Im only going to have to live with him or her for a year. Same for Conor. But we both think its really important to make sure that EC gets a good housemaster, because we want EC to continue to be EC after we are gone. I believe that this illustrates an important point about MIT. At many universities, policy-makers act under the assumption that there is no institutional memory and that attitudes are transient, and theyre often correct. They figure that most current students will be gone within four years, and that the ones coming in will be okay with whatever is put into place because theyve never known anything else. And the students also figure that theyre going to be gone in a few years, and why bother to care about something thats not going to affect them personally? Anyone who tried to do this at MIT would run into significant difficulty. Because of the famed oral tradition, the number of grad students who were MIT undergrads Back In The Day, the number of alums generally lurking around, and forums like mit-talk (a mailing list) and white-magic (a zephyr instance), memories stay around for a long time. Theres a lot less transience. Students truly feel that MIT is their community and not simply their school, not a place theyre merely passing through, and they have enough of an emotional investment to want to make sure that the things they care about are preserved for future generations of students. As someone active in student government, I spend a lot of time thinking about and working on things that will impact future students as much as or more than current ones. Over the last couple of weeks, theres been a huge increase in the number and intensity of rumors about mandatory meal plans (this is one of those issues where the rumors never actually go away, sort of like the US governments Terror Alert Level never goes down to green, but where they increase in intensity when somethings up other than the usual free-floating paranoia). I spent quite a while trying to track down these rumors and talking to others about them, including a half-hour conversation with Jeff 06, President of Random Hall, at a Halloween party. Much to my relief, Dean of Student Life Larry Benedict told us quite firmly that he did not intend for there ever to be mandatory meal plans. But given that Jeff will be out of here soon and Ill probably be out of here before such plans would be implemented, it illus trates my point about students caring very deeply about MIT and its culture beyond their own time here. Of course, as I indicated previously (and in this entry), their own time here is not always well-defined. I went to see the Star Wars musical last night. It was a fantastic show, and Great Job! to my friends who were involved in it, but the reason I bring it up is that, if you look at the cast list, theres a lot of people who are, shall we say, not very current. Like Rob 96, who played Uncle Owen and Jabba the Hut. And David 89, who played Ben/Obi-Wan Kenobi. And the wonderful Edmund Bonk 99, who played Chewbaccabut who I usually associate with having been one of the great activists who founded the now-defunct student advocacy organization ILTFP (I Love This Fing Place) many years ago. And of course, moving away from the Star Wars thing but still thinking of alums, theres Matt, who was no slouch himself when it came to the activism thing. ;) Ive had some good conversations with Matt. Where are we going? Sometimes Im not sure, but reflecting on what I know of the past, I hope Im doing a good enough job helping to make it a good place.

Essay about Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Of all Shakespeare’s thirty-seven plays, perhaps the best known and loved is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Many people think that it is unforgettable because of its poetic language and style. But, while these are factors that mark the play as a classic, it remains timeless because it explores many of the issues that are still important to people today. These issues, including loyalty to family and country, protecting loved ones, and deception are still prevalent around the world, and are especially prominent in the United States government. Another play that addresses major issues that are still relevant to society, especially women, is Susan Glaspell’s Trifles. Because Glaspell’s play†¦show more content†¦In his famous soliloquy, Hamlet asks himself, â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question: Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them?† (III. i. 56-60). Thus, Hamlet first asks himself whether he should be his father’s avenger or not. More specifically, he asks himself whether it is more righteous to silently endure the rest of his uncle’s reign as king without getting revenge, or to end his suffering by killing his uncle to get revenge as his father wants. When asking himself this question, he is also taking into account his own life and how he might be hurt by keeping his loyalty to his father: To die, to sleep-- / No more—and by a sleep to say we end / The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks / That flesh is heir to! ‘Tis a consummation / Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep-- / To sleep—perchance to dream. (III. i. 60-65) This shows that he is exploring the possibility that he may also be killed in his search for revenge. It almost sounds as if he is foreshadowing his own death because he says that ending the â€Å"heartache† is something he desires. Therefore, Hamlet seriously questions whether he should remain loyal to his father, because he takesShow MoreRelatedThe Slave Mortality Presented By Nietzsche In His Genealogy1396 Words   |  6 Pagescould that way our frail bodies could survive. This take still has a place in the culture that we face today and in a lot of ways it has no place. Both of the plays The Good Woman of Setzuan by Bertolt Brecht and Trifles by Susan Glaspell depict worlds that are full of evil. In Trifles, a woman murders her husband and two of her friends justify it by using the slave s morality. He took away her ability to sing so it is justifiable that she killed him. Glaspell makes it clear that the house was â€Å"notRead MoreExpo5600 Words   |  23 PagesMacbeth: Easy Questions, Difficult Answers DERICK MARSH Macbeth is not an obscure play. The course of the action, unlike that of Hamlet, can easily be summarized. Most readers and audiences can come to some general agreement on what the play is about, provided that they can offer answers to the two major questions of understanding that the play poses. These answers, it need hardly be said, cannot be precise and absolute, since Shakespeare s plays, like life, never allow us the delusion of perfectRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 Pagesthe publication Anita Pacheco and David Johnson (eds) (2012) The Renaissance and Long Eighteenth Century, published by The Open University and Bloomsbury Academic. Learning outcomes After studying this unit you should be able to: understand the treatment of the themes of love and death in Acts 1 and 2 of John Webster’s play The Duchess of Malfi examine other related themes and concerns of Acts 1 and 2 carry out textual analysis recognise some of the historical contexts of the play. Background JohnRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare and Macbeth8813 Words   |  36 Pagesstory;  Macbeth  contains many examples of imagery and language that Shakespeare borrowed directly from his source, a practice common to all writers. For example, compare these words of Holinshed with Shakespeares words. Holinshed: What manner of women (saith he) are you, that seeme so little favourable unto me, whereas to my fellow heere, besides high offices, ye assign also the kingdom? Banquho My noble partner / You greet with present grace, and great prediction / Of noble having, and of royal

Malcolm X An Emotional Breakdown - 851 Words

Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little. He was born May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His parents were Louis Norton Little and Earl Little. His parents had eight children. His mother was a homemaker and his father was an outspoken Baptist leader. His father’s civil rights activism got him sent death threats from the Black Legion. This made his family relocate twice before his fourth birthday. In 1929, his home in Lansing, Michigan was burned. In 1931, when Malcolm was only six years old, his father’s body was found lying across the town’s train tracks. Several years after, Malcolm’s mother had an emotional breakdown. She was sent to a mental institution, making the children be split up into foster homes and orphanages. In 1946, he and his friend Malcolm Jarvis got arrested and charged for burglary charges. He was sentenced ten years in prison, but he was let out on parole after seven years. Later, he was in a period of self-enlightenment. His brother, Reginald, often visited him. When he visited, they would talk about Muslim religion. His brother belonged to the Nation of Islam. Malcolm had begun to study the teachings of the leader, Elijah Muhammad. By the time he was paroled, he was a devoted follower of the NOI. He changed his last name to â€Å"X’, because â€Å"Little† was a slave name, and â€Å"X† would represent his lost tribal name. X was made a minister and national spokesman for the NOI. He was also charged with establishing new mosques in Detroit and Harlem. He used paper columns,Show MoreRelatedQuitting Was Not An Option For Malcolm X918 Words   |  4 Pages Quitting was not an option for Malcolm X. Throughout his problematic life, Malcolm had to deal with so many obstacles in his way of success. He faced orphanage at an early age due to his father’s death and mother’s insanity, got caught up in criminal activity and even went to prison because of his actions. When he believed he found his calling in the religious group, the Nation of Islam, he was eventually betrayed by it’s leader, Elijah Muhammad, and was absolutely broken. Anyone in hisRead MoreMalcolm Xs Life and Accomplishments628 Words   |  3 PagesMalcolm X, Born name Malcolm Little, was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 1925. His mother was Louise Norton, which had eight children including Malcolm. His fatherâ€⠄¢s name was Earl Little, who was a Baptist preacher and strong supporter of the Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Before Malcolm’s fourth birthday, the family was forced twice to relocate due to death threats from the white supremacist organization, Black Legion. Despite their efforts to get away from them in 1929, the Legion burnedRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent than King’s protests, he did his part and help with equality. This man was Malcolm Little, more famously known as Malcolm X. After a rough upbringing, Malcolm X led protests that differed which ended with his assassination. His protesting didn’t start when the Civil Rights Movement started; it started with his rough childhood. He was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was born with the name Malcolm Little. His mother was Louise Norton Little. She was a homemaker occupied with theRead MoreMalcolm X : A Man Who Changed American History1453 Words   |  6 Pages Malcolm X The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alex Haley is the story about a man who greatly impacted American history. Malcolm Little, or Malcolm X as he is more widely known, taught what he believed in regards to segregation, racism, and discrimination. Growing up in a large family with a father Earl Little, a Baptist minister, and his mother Louis Little who was a homemaker, Malcolm’s life at the time seemed very promising. His father’s involvement in support of the BlackRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X As Told By Alex Haley1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alex Haley is the story about a man who greatly impacted American history. Malcolm Little, or Malcolm X as he is more widely known, taught what he believed in regards to segregation, racism, and discrimination. Growing up in a large family with a father Earl Little, a Baptist minister, and his mother Louis Little, who was a homemaker, Malcolm’s life at the time seemed very promising. His father’s involvement in support of the Black National gained him manyRead MoreMalcolm X : All These Things1073 Words   |  5 PagesHicken B8 Malcolm X Minister, political activist, author, ex-convict, self-made man. . . Malcolm X was all these things. Although his ideology was often divisive, no one could deny that he was a central figure of the African-American civil rights movement of the 1960s. From his troubled youth to his religious conversions to his assassination at the age of 39, Malcolm X’s story was often dramatic and always compelling. He was a complex and charismatic figure, and his influence lives on. Malcolm X wasRead MoreDr. Ben Carson As A Leader Of A Nation1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States’ presidential election in 2016. Despite this, some question his ability to lead a nation, considering his lack of political background. Indeed, Carson currently faces issues similar to past leaders in the black community, such as Malcolm X, whose leadership was questioned as they lacked traditional experience. A large part of Carson’s public image is best summed up in his announcement, â€Å"I am not a politician. I don t want to be a politician† (bio). He proclaims, â€Å"Politicians do whatRead MoreThe Beliefs of Martin Luther King Jr. versus Malcolm X Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesLuther King Jr. versus Malcolm X â€Å"I have a dream, that one day little black boys and black girls will join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sister and brother.† (de Kay 75)†¦Martin Luther King Jr. During the past century, the United States of America has wresled with the problem of inequality between black and white people. Two influential people who helped to combat racism and the inequality of man were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther KingRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1967 Words   |  8 PagesMalcolm X In the course of human history there will always be change. In order to bring about that change there must be something that is so controversial that it can break people away from the normal routine they have been accustomed to. Few people can raise the amount of attention needed to fuel that controversy. Malcolm X was one of those few that would die trying to achieve that attention. Earl Little was a black Baptist minister and an avid civil rights activist. On May 19, 1925 in OmahaRead MoreMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Era1852 Words   |  8 PagesDuring a very significant time period of American History, many leaders, particularly Malcolm X, rose to prominence during the Civil Rights era. The mid 1900’s was a time of racial segregation, and discrimination leading to a worldwide issue between the black and white races. â€Å"By any means necessary†, a famous quote breeds from this time of racial discrimination which brought together thousands of people to get what th ey as humans deserved. 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans

Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East Free Essays

History shows many instances of discrimination and unequal rights for women. Women have been looked down upon and been abused by men in many different countries and cultures. There is a history for inequity of women, especially domestic violence and abuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East or any similar topic only for you Order Now These dilemmas have been going on for the many years in the past, and are still going on today, especially in Middle Eastern countries. One major aspect of the situation of abuse towards women is involved with marriage. In many Middle Eastern countries, it is common for parents to arrange or even force a marriage, and for the children to have no say in it (Child Brides). I believe that this is a large part of the cause for aggression and abuse against the women. In an article from Gaza City called Abuse of Women Still Rife in Palestinian Life, Says Study ¬, a girl named Saana described how she had to endure beating from her father and then her husband as well. Saana’s father arranged a marriage for her, and in the second week of marriage her husband started beating her. He had no apparent reason for beating her. Also, after marrying this man, Saana found out that he had been conducting another relationship with a 15-year-old girl. Her husband eventually dumped her back at her parents’ house. In this culture, divorced women have very bad reputations, no matter what the situation is. Because of this, Saana returned home from her physically abusive husband to verbal abuse from her father. Studies in Gaza show that â€Å"†¦more than one in five women say they suffer physical domestic violence but there is not a single women’s shelter. † (Abuse of Women). Although many women are being abused, the government is doing very little, if anything to help them. Even law enforcement officers are very biased. There is basically nothing keeping men from abusing women. Penalties for men who kill or hurt their wives are very insignificant. Also, only male relatives are allowed to file incest charges on behalf of children. Police routinely ‘mediate’ causes of sexual and physical abuse by returning the victims to the ‘care’ of the perpetrators, which obviously doesn’t help the victim at all. Very few women have submitted complaints, though there is so much abuse going on. This may be because they are afraid of their husbands finding out that they complained, and for that reason beating them even more. An article written in 2006 mentioned that of 85 cases of rape in 2003, only in one single case resulted in conviction. (Abuse of Women). According to other online articles, some families arrange marriages for their daughters as young as 7 years old (Child Brides). For example, there was one court case in Saudi Arabia in which a father wanted to allow his 8-year-old daughter to get married to a 47-year-old man. The mother of the daughter was divorced from the father. A relative stated that the mother was determined on getting the marriage overturned. (Eight-year-old girl’s Marriage) There are also some miscellaneous issues about to rights of women, unrelated to marriage. One such example is that women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive cars. A well-known Islamic Scholar named Sheikh Ayed Al-Qarni stated that this rule is based on religious reasons. Al-Qarni set out four clarifying statements: â€Å"One: I do not see women driving cars in our country because of the consequences that would spring from it such as the spread of corruption, women uncovering their hair and faces, mingling between the sexes, men being alone with women and the destruction of the family and society in whole. Two: Sadd Al-Dharaie principle (the closing of doors which could lead to corruption or sinful actions) is one of the values in our religion. Women driving cars is a sinful thing. It is used by those who want to wage a war against purity and hijab. Three: One of the principles of our religion is protecting honor and moral values. Women driving cars would threaten these principl es because of the dire consequences resulting from it. Four: Such public issues must be brought up with the certified religious institution who have the say in such matters as I have said many times before. (Women Driving Cars Is a Sinful Thing: Al-Qarni). Though it may be that a religion includes a rule disallowing women to drive, the women should have a right to choose whether to follow this religious rule or not, and not have to endure any legal punishment if they choose not to. Though it seems that the idea of equal rights for women in the Middle East is an impossible notion, there are actually people who care and are working to solve this issue. In Gaza, there have been non-governmental organizations that have been dedicating effort to reduce domestic violence n the area. One such organization featured on BBC News concluded that a major role in domestic violence is the frustration in men after the stress of political and social issues in Gaza. Abu Fahdi, a former abuser, said, â€Å"For us, the war really begins after the military war is over. Here in Gaza men are supposed to be providers. The siege, the strikes, in one way or another they affect all households in Gaza – poverty, hunger, homelessness. Men are really frustrated. They sometimes take it out on their wives. In Gaza, however, there are few places for a woman to run. â€Å"There are no shelters here. Just clinics where women can get comfort, advice or anti-depressants – more often than not, without their husbands knowing. † (Gazan Women). Psychiatrist Suha Mousa works with women that have faced abusive husbands. She says it’s difficult to work with these women because it can get complicated to intervene in their family lives. She explains that if a husband divorces his wife or if she leaves him and returns home to her father’s house, she could lose all access to her children. It is thought by many that the Islam religion includes unequal rights for women. This is because the Islam religion requires women to be ‘modest’ and wear headscarves to hide their hair and skin. These restrictions make people believe that women are lower than men. Female member of parliament Jamila al-Shanti disagrees greatly with this idea. She believes that a reason for domestic violence is less-than-adequate amount of respect for women. â€Å"From the moment of birth, a baby boy is celebrated. A baby girl is accepted,† she says. Jamila al-Shanti believes that when people say that â€Å"Islam dictates that women should be at the bottom of the pile,† it is not Islam; it is bad traditions and habits that cause this harsh judgment of women. It is the opinion of human rights groups that laws in Gaza deal with cases of violence much too leniently. They usually consider issues like domestic violence or even cases of husbands murdering their wives family affairs. (Gazan Women) These issues in Gaza, Saudi Arabia, and other Middle Eastern countries cause pain and suffering to be part of every-day life for women. As time passes, people work hard to stop such problems that degrade women. They may never be completely wiped out, but they can be greatly reduced if enough people dedicate themselves towards helping this cause. Women deserve equal rights as much as men do, and this is expressed in the Declaration of Human Rights. Works Cited â€Å"8-year-old Girl’s Marriage Ruled Legal – UPI. com. † Latest News, Latest News Headlines, News Articles, News Video, News Photos – UPI. com. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Adler, Katya. â€Å"BBC NEWS | Middle East | Gazan Women Face Rise in Abuse. BBC News – Home. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Macintyre, Donald. â€Å"Abuse of Women Still Rife in Palestinian Life, Says Study – Middle East, World – The Independent. † The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Qusti, Raid. â€Å"Women Driving Cars Is a Sinful Thing: Al-Qarni. † Arab News Newspaper. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Stritof , Sheri, and Bob Stritof. â€Å"Child Brides — Forced Marriage of Children — The Problem of Early Marriages. † Marriage — THE Starting Place for Exploring Marriage and Marriage Issues. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . How to cite Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East, Papers

Quality Manuals in Orbital Traction

Introduction The aim of the study is to analyse the statement that â€Å"quality manuals are a waste of time, they take too long to prepare and don’t make any difference to the quality of the product† based on the Orbital Traction case study (Ai 8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Manuals in Orbital Traction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Orbital Traction is a company that manufactures high quality products using different quality manual standards that apply across each department of the company for quality assurance (Bronson Merryman 2010). The purpose of a quality manual is to â€Å"satisfy a need, meet product specifications, and provide a service or product that is free of deficiencies† (Voss 2005, p.7). To achieve the quality assurance goal at Orbital Traction, the quality assurance department is responsible for writing the quality manual that provides a framework for developi ng high quality products and services that are consisted with the standards of quality that are detailed in the quality manual (Bhuiyan Alam 2005). According to Bronson and Merryman (2010), a quality manual is mandatory for the purpose of complying with the standards of quality that are detailed in the ISO 9000 standard and control documents. However, it raises the question that is a quality manual a waste of time to write? Costly in terms of resources The quality assurance department at Orbital Traction invests time and money and other resources to develop quality manuals that provide a quality assurance framework for the company’s quality management system to ensure better service delivery. Here, a quality management â€Å"system is maintained and continually improved through the use of the quality policy, quality objectives, internal and external audit results, analysis of data, corrective and preventive action and periodic management reviews† (Voss (2005, p.3). Ze iler (2011) agree that the task of writing quality manuals is a complex process that requires inputs from different sources such as knowledgeable experts and well-skilled human resources. That allows the quality assurance department to keep abreast with the constant need to revise the quality policies, audit results, quality objectives and conduct management reviews for all the items in the quality manual.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study by Zeiler (2011) shows a company develops quality manuals to monitor, verify, validate, inspect, and test the process requirements of a good quality product. However, the need to write a new quality manual by the quality assurance department when Orbital Traction develops a new product is contradictory process because to develop a new product or service, the new product or service is introduced with a specifications document that pro vides details and standard measures of quality that are required of the product. Now writing a new quality manual for the product or service of what already has been done requires additional resources and time to execute and the net results are the same document that already exists. Quality Manual Analysis The quality manual used in this case was written by the Orbital Traction Company. Feng, Terziovski and Samson (2007) argue that a quality manual development process undergoes several steps such as identifying the specific processes applicable across different departments of the organisation, determining how the processes interact with each other, establishing the criteria for interaction of the processes, designing the processes, establishing control processes for each product development, establishing quality controls and monitoring measures, and creating processes for quality control and management (Antony 2004). However, the details must be integrated into the product specifica tions document of product development once the quality manual has been developed, but the details might be discarded because the quality manual is a general document and new changes to product development have to be reflected into the quality manual when they occur. That means the quality manual can either be discarded or reviewed to meet changes in product development, showing that the product specifications document is the source of the details in the quality manual and not vice versa, as it should be.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Manuals in Orbital Traction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Saaksvuori and Immonen (2005) â€Å"correctness, integrity, usability, reliability, and maintainability† (p.22) define the product quality metrics that are universal for any product that are generally defined in the quality manual and not the specific details of product development based on sp ecific product quality metrics to ensure quality assurance. However, innovation cannot be guaranteed if the quality manual does not stipulate new product development details in real time or if the details about a product are not consistent with the details in the quality manual. That denies skilled workers the opportunity to use their skills for innovation and look to the quality manual for each product development. According to Edvardsson (2005), if a new product is to be developed, management must take time to audit results, review process performance and product conformance to quality standards, and review customer feedback about the quality of the resulting product. However, it takes a lot of time to write a quality manual that provides a framework for reviewing outputs and allocating resources for product development. It is possible that by the time a product has been developed and put on the shelves using the guidelines of a new quality manual, the product will be obsolete and uncompetitive. A company is supposed to be dynamic in innovation and should always respond in real time to changing needs for new and high quality products to be competitive. According to Hornecker (2010), a lot of time is not only spent to develop the quality manual for the new product, but resources are also committed to write the quality manual, limiting productivity and just in time responses. In addition, by the time a quality manual becomes functional, the products developed using the quality manual will still be the same and uncompetitive in the market because the time they are brought to the shelves is behind schedule, which makes the product to be begins schedule. Product realization When using a quality manual, the product development procedures undergo constant planning and budgeting processes that entail the ‘planning of product realization phase’, which is according to the statement that â€Å"organization shall plan and develop the processes needed for p roduct realization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Planning of product realization shall be consistent with the requirements of the other processes of the quality management system† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.4). However, an assessment of Orbital Traction shows that the planning process entails the company establishing quality objectives under specific product development requirements. Here, the quality manual’s â€Å"planning process involves establishing processes, creating product specific documents, and assigning resources for the development of the product† (Kinicki Williams 2010, p.34). Another statement on product realization that creates a conflict at the Orbital tracts quality assurance department is that the â€Å"required verification, validation, monitoring, inspection and test activities specific to the product and the criteria for product acceptance† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.6) should provide guidelines on the creation and use of a quality manual. Orbital Traction has product development specifications and standards (Green 2005). The above statement recommends that, a quality manual should be written to specify the required â€Å"verification and validation† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.6) of a product. Here, the statement stops short of stating the validation and verification procedures and the outcome from those procedures. However, the statement does not elaborate how the monitoring tests should be done, but specifies that the procedures should be consistent with the criteria for â€Å"product acceptance† (Das, Paul Swierczek 2008, p.17). However, those details are already specified in the product development manual that shows that more time is taken to write the statements that already exist in other product specification documents (Schmenner Tatikonda 2005). Another duplication of what already exists is expressed in the statement that â€Å"records need to provide evidence that the realization processes and resulting product meet product requirements† (Jang Lin , 2008, p.7). The statement is a repetition of what already is in product specifications document and writing a quality manual based on the statement is clear violation of the principle of repeatability. How else can a product be developed without the required documentation? The statement continues to state that â€Å"the output of this planning shall be in a form that is suitable for the organization’s method of operations† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.8). One is made to conclude that the task of writing a quality manual is a waste of time while the final product remains the same (Heese, Cattani, Ferrer, Gilland Roth 2005). The question is, how does the final product remain the same and yet the quality manual has been used to guide in development process and procedures and to make recommendations for meeting the quality standards? Design and development The procedures and requirements for the design and development of products are in accordance with the ISO 1900 requirements enshrined in the statement, which states that â€Å"the outputs of design and development shall be provided in a form that enables verification against the design and development input and shall be approved prior to release† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.11). Here, the summarized statement asserts that the final product shall comply with requirements such that â€Å"the input requirements† should be detailed in the quality manual. Appropriate information â€Å"for purchasing, production and service provision, and references for product acceptance criteria† (Bayazit 2003, p.34) should be detailed in the quality manual (Edvardsson 2005). However, when comparing the quality manual with the quality assurance and quality management procedures and the product specifications document, it reveals that more details are contained in the quality assurance and product specifications documents (Devadasan, Goshteeswaran Gokulachandran 2005). Other issues such as â€Å"product quality reviews and the control of design and development changes are demonstrated in the statement† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.9), which says that the â€Å"design and development changes shall be identified and records maintained† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.9). The changes shall be reviewed, verified and validated as appropriate and approved before implementation† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.9). The statement further says that â€Å"the review of design and development changes shall include evaluation of the effect of the changes on constituent parts and product already delivered† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.9). A critical analysis of the statement shows that the same statements are repeated again and again. The position of quality manual at Orbital Traction In context of the arguments by Grieves (2006), Orbital Traction has a quality manual that spans the whole product realization and development processes and procedures. The requirements for product specifications are written in the qualit y manual for the product developers to comply with. According to (Ai 12), the manual complied with the ISO 9001: 2008 standard requirements on quality manuals. ISO 9001: 2008 sets standards for companies to develop and use their own quality manuals for quality management. It is important to ensure that when developing a product, skilled manpower should be left to innovate and develop products that are consistent with changes in demand. Typically, Orbital Traction’s manual is a duplication of the ISO 9000 requirements, the quality management framework, the quality assurance requirements and product specifications manual (Ai 12). Conclusion In conclusion, quality manuals are a waste of time because companies such as Orbital Traction use quality manuals as a standard that provides guidelines for product development and project implementation. Orbital Traction invests time and money and other resources to develop quality manuals that provide a quality assurance framework for prod uct development and service delivery. Writing quality manuals is a complex process that requires the input of different resources such as knowledgeable and skilled human resources, who have to be paid for the service delivered and other inputs they make for what has already been written, which is a waste of time. References Ai, X 2002, U.S. Patent No. 6,406,399. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Bayazit, O 2003, Total quality management (TQM) practices in Turkish manufacturing organizations. The TQM magazine, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 345-350. Bhuiyan, N Alam, N 2005, ‘A case study of a quality system implementation in a small manufacturing firm’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 3,no. 54, pp. 172-186. Dangayach, GS Deshmukh, SG 2001, ‘Manufacturing strategy: literature review and some issues’, International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol. 7, no. 21, pp. 884-932. Das, A, Paul, H Swierczek, FW 2008, ‘Developing and validating total quality management (TQM) constructs in the context of Thailand’s manufacturing industry’, Benchmarking: An International Journal, vol. 1, no. 15, pp. 52-72. Devadasan, S R, Goshteeswaran, S Gokulachandran, J 2005, ‘Design for quality in agile manufacturing environment through modified orthogonal array-based experimentation’, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 16, no. 6,pp. 576-597. Edvardsson, B 2005, ‘Service quality: beyond cognitive assessment’, Managing Service Quality, vol. 2, no. 15, pp. 127-131. Feng, M, Terziovski, M Samson, D 2007, ‘Relationship of ISO 9001: 2000 quality system certification with operational and business performance: A survey in Australia and New Zealand-based manufacturing and service companies’, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 1, no. 19, pp. 22-37. Green, LN 2005, A study of the design studio in relation to the tea ching of industrial and product design. University of Canberra, New York. Grieves, M 2006, Product Lifecycle Management: Driving the Next Generation of Lean Thinking, McGraw-Hill, New York. Heese, HS, Cattani, K,Ferrer, G, Gilland, W Roth, AV 2005, ‘Competitive advantage through take-back of used products’, European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 143-157. Hornecker, E 2010, ‘Creative idea exploration within the structure of a guiding framework: the card brainstorming game’, Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction, vol. 2, no.4, pp. 101-108. Hunton, JE Gold, A 2010, ‘A Field Experiment Comparing the Outcomes of Three Fraud Brainstorming Procedures: Nominal Group, Round Robin, and Open Discussion (Retracted)’, The Accounting Review, vol. 3, no. 85, 911-935. Jang, W. Y., Lin, C. I. (2008). An integrated framework for ISO 9000 motivation, depth of ISO implementatio n and firm performance: the case of Taiwan. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 19(2), 194-216 Kinicki, A Williams, B 2010, Management: A Practical Introduction, McGraw-Hill, Kent Town. Saaksvuori, A Immonen, A 2005, Product lifecycle management. Springer, Berlin. Schmenner, RW Tatikonda, MV 2005, Manufacturing process flexibility revisited. International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol. 12, no. 25, pp. 1183-1189. Voss, CA 2005, ‘Paradigms of manufacturing strategy re-visited’, International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol. 12, no. 25, pp. 1223-1227. This essay on Quality Manuals in Orbital Traction was written and submitted by user Kinsey Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Promoting Sexual Health The WritePass Journal

Promoting Sexual Health INTRODUCTION Promoting Sexual Health INTRODUCTIONAIM OF THIS ESSAYIMPORTANCE OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTIONLEGAL ISSUES OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTIONSEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION THEORIESSEXUAL HEALTH STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONREFERENCESRelated INTRODUCTION Over the last 25 years sexual health has become one of the most important areas of health care across the world a global pandemic of HIV, the rapid worldwide spread of other sexually transmitted infections and an increasing awareness of sexual health issues by the public globally have all increased enormously the needs of those dealing with sexual health problems to have access to information on theory and practice that can help them adverse the diversity of issues they now face   Miller and Green (2002). According to WHO Sexual health is a state of complete physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled WHO (2002). This essay focuses to describe about sexual health, importance of sexual health promotion in teenagers, different levels of interventions, sexual health policies, theories and different sexual health strategies. AIM OF THIS ESSAY According to formally family planning association sexual health defined as the capacity and freedom to enjoy and express sexuality without fear of exploitation, repression physical and emotional harm FPA (2007). Rising STI rates and increasing termination rates DH (2008) indicate there is now a real need to address both issues through progressive work in sexual health care. Indeed, the  HPA (2008) highlighted a clear need for people to be aware of how they can protect themselves from unplanned pregnancy and STIs, and the importance of sexual health promotion. The essay will begin with a brief overview of sexual health promotion in young men and women in UK. The UK has the worst sexual health record in Western Europe while the teenage pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted infections including HIV and sexual violence are increasing. So the importance of sexual health promotion is increasing within young men and women. The aim of this essay is to highlights the need to reduce sexually transmitted infections among teenagers both girls and boys DH (2010) .young people reflects concerns about unintended teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections .Researches are showing that how being young influences sexual behaviours   exploring issues including teenage negotiation of contraception and the influence of gender and peer norms both UK and internationally ( Widdice   et al. 2006).High rates of sexually transmitted continue to be reported in UK,especially among young people, men who have sex with men and some ethnic minority pop ulations these groups remain at greatest risk infection Miles (2006). I choose the group teenagers (young men and young women) with the age group of 14 to 24for this essay. I selected the teenagers for this assignment because now the rate of teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, HIV and sexual violence is increasing in UK. IMPORTANCE OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION The Importance of sexual health promotion in teenagers is to reduce teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Health care providers play a valuable role in educating their patients, and accuracy and completeness of information are the accepted standards in medicine Santelli (2008) Clinicians are held to professional standards involving medical and public health ethics, and are guided by professional health organizations. Guidelines in preventive medicine for HIV, other STIs and unintended pregnancy support the delivery of needed services, including counselling on condom and contraceptive use. Although recognition of evidence-based medicine has been increasing, wide variation exists in medical practices; often, the provider’s judgment is a component in determining patient care. Make awareness about the supportive clinics and provide counselling to the teenagers parents as well AMA (2009). Sexuality is an important part of one’s health and, quality of life and general well being. Sexuality is an integral part of the total person, affecting the way each individual from birth to death to every single person. A healthy sense of sexuality can provide numerous benefits including a link with the future through procreation, a means of pleasure and physical release, a sense of connection with others and a contribution of self identity Norbun and Rosenfeld (2004). A teenager may go through many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes. The biggest change is puberty that means becoming sexually mature. It usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. As their body changes, the teenagers may have questions about sex and sexual health. During this time, they start to develop their own unique personality and opinions. Some changes that they might notice including, increased independence from their parents, more concerns about body image and clothes, more influence from peers, Greater ability to sense right and wrong. All of these changes can sometimes seem overwhelming Medline plus (2011). LEGAL ISSUES OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION In the past there has been a confused legal response to creating a balance between protecting vulnerable members of society, and giving people the right to access support for sexual health problems. The legal structure in the UK divides into civil law and criminal law. Legislation can place boundaries on the extent to which health care workers may become involved in promoting the sexual health of an individual. The introduction of the Human Rights Act (2000) has an impact on the rights of the individual and the provision of health care.   Criminal law governs people’s sexual behaviour by making some activities unlawful.   The purpose of the legislation is to prohibit certain sexual activities and prevent exploitation .To provide young people with the knowledge, skills and confidence to resist any pressure to have inappropriate, early or unwanted sexual relationships and to manage their sexual health .To use discussion about sex and relationships to help young people develo p their self-esteem and self-awareness. .To allow young people space to explore their values and attitudes .To encourage young people to make informed decisions about their behaviour, personal relationships and sexual health .To use discussion about sex and relationships to help young people develop their self-esteem and self-awareness   Mellor and Williams (2005). SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION THEORIES This implies that whether an individual puts protection that is contraception and condoms) into practice depends on the susceptibility to pregnancy or STI infection, severity of that occurrence, the result of implementation of self protection, and the barriers to implementation  (Abraham and Sheeran 2005) The motivation theory is a more complex model that contains lots of components such as perceptions of severity, response costs, vulnerability, pleasure and social approval. It also includes belief that the suggested behaviour will reduce the threat and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is a person’s belief that they can be successful in carrying out the suggested behaviour (Norman et al. 2005) The theory of planned behaviour is a complex theory. An individual’s perceived behavioural control is the expectation that behaviour is within their control, and therefore is linked to efficacy and autonomy. Within perceived behavioural control lie several factors, including information and skill (Conner and Norman 2005). Social cognition theory focuses on individual motivation and action based on three types of expectancy. These are the situation outcome, action outcome and perceived self-efficacy. The theories are complex and therefore need further study before putting them into practice NICE (2007) recommended that trained in sexual health care professionals put the theories into practice in one-to-one structured discussions with clients. SEXUAL HEALTH STRATEGIES Increase the contribution of youth mothers in education, guidance or work to decrease the danger of long term social elimination. The national strategy for sexual health and HIV accepted that the consequences of poor sexual health can be severe leading to amongst other outcomes unwanted pregnancy and termination. The strategy has established a number of key indicators including to increase access to sexual health services, including contraception, particularly to young people. To increase the percentage of young people aged 15-24 accepting screening for Chlamydia. To provide access to Genito-Urinary Medicine clinics within 48 hours DH (2001) .The legal age for young people to consent to have sex is still 16, whether they are straight, gay or bisexual. The aim of sexual offences act 2003 is to protect the rights and interests of young people, and make it easier to prosecute people who pressure or force others into having sex they don’t want. Although the age of consent remains at 16, the law is not intended to prosecute mutually agreed teenage sexual activity between two young people of a similar age, unless it involves abuse or exploitation. Young people, including those under 13 will continue to have the right to confidential advice on contraception, condoms, pregnancy and abortion Mellor and Williams (2005). To remove the main barriers of sexual health care is to provide health education and that teaches about the sexual health care and care giving clinics. studies show that training in the area of human sexuality and taking sexual histories increases comfort and with addressing sexual health Nussbaum and Rosenfeld (2004).Sex education is offered in many schools, but dont count on classroom instruction alone. Sex education needs to happen at home, too. Sex education basics may be covered in health class, but the teenagers might not hear or understand everything he or she needs to know to make tough choices about sex. Awkward as it may be, sex education is a parents responsibility. By reinforcing and supplementing what the teen learns in school, teachers can set the stage for a lifetime of healthy sexuality. Various factors peer pressure, curiosity and loneliness, to name a few steer some teenagers into early sexual activity. But theres no rush. Sex is an adult behaviour. In the meantime, there are many other ways to express affection intimate talks, long walks, holding hands, listening to music, dancing, kissing, touching and hugging. If you’re teen becomes sexually active - whether you think he or she is ready or not it may be more important than ever to keep the conversation going. State your feelings openly and honestly. Remind the teenagers that you expect him or her to take sex and the associated responsibilities seriously. Stress the importance of safe sex, and make sure your teen understands how to get and use contraception. You might talk about keeping a sexual relationship exclusive, not only as a matter of trust and respect but also to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections. Also set and enforce reasonable boundaries, such as curfews and rules about visits from friends of the opposite sex.Teenager’s doctor can help, too. A routine check-up can give teen the opportunity to address sexual activity and other behaviours in a supportive, confidential atmosphere - as well as learn about contraception and safe sex. For girls, the doctor may also stress the importance of routine human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination to help prevent genital warts and cervical cancer MFMER (2009). Now we are failing young people in their sexual health needs, given an increasing trend in sexually transmitted infections and unplanned teenage pregnancies .significant changes can achieve by numerous endeavours including, equipping young people with the right knowledge, reaching their aspects of themselves which hold significant value in their present day lives to get focus and attention, providing solid basement of self esteem and self preservations in the first place. This must be delivered by open minded, unbiased and non judgemental professionals in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere.HPA (2008). A number of government education initiatives over the last 10 years including the healthy schools status programme. The aim of this curriculum is to support the young people as individual and to improve their concept about sexual health in society. But in some schools trained staff refused to implement this strategies and this act as a barrier of communication with young people DH (2005) sexual relationship education in school by trained confident and up to date professionals, employing straight forward language can make an awareness of pupils existing knowledge Ingham et al (2009).young people’s sexual health clinics are available and confidentiality of service is very important. Condom distribution services are also available locally for young people. Now the sexual health campaigns for teenagers are changed from use of condoms and condom essential campaigns to a new campaign. It aims to improve the knowledge and encourage open communication about relationships among young people, their parents and professionals DH and DCSF (2009). .the UK is still predominantly a patriarchal society. Gender imbalance can create a negative imbalance in our society. It has a reverse role when it comes to a sexual health provision. Young people’s contraceptive clinics habitually target young females. This stems from a political system desiring to protect itself from the negative consequences of un planned pregnancies ,neglecting young male services to the determent of their sexual health and well being Evans(2008).teenage pregnancy is increasing in UK among highest in Europe by year by year. There are two goals, to decrease teenage conceptions among under18 and get more teenagers parents for education, training and employment to reduce the risk. These goals were accomplished through government media voluntary and private sectors to change young peoples to sexual behaviour DCSF (2010).Health promotion programmes should be adaptable and innovative and offering different methods for feelings and expressions,and opportunities to help build self esteem. There are various economic and social influences contribute hopelessness in young people .young people are trying to express their individuality and find their position in the world Cater and Coleman (2006).According to Department of Health(2009)risk assessment is carried out by three tyre approach they are primary ,secondary and tertiary approach. In primary ,risk to teenagers that means unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections including HIV ,secondary risk is undiagnosed   and un Symptomatic sexually transmitted infections, infertility and pelvic inflammatory infections etc Territory risk is known as collateral risk to another chronic illness like exacerbation to DM depression or leukaemia .these three approaches allows for effective evaluation of both sexual and holistic consequences of risk taking behaviour among young men and women. Another example of health promotion planning support is the effective sexual health promotion tool kit. It provides supportive toolkit for the professionals working with young people on sexual health promotion including practical tips for building self esteem and effective health promotion delivery DH (2002). Dating violence is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults. Understanding teens’ reaction to dating violence offer the potential to understand the factors that lead to perpetration of violent behaviour and to elucidate prevention strategies Dating violence, that is, violence between non-cohabitating, but courting individuals   includes physical abuse, psychological abuse, and sexual abuse and has been recognized as an international and national public health problem of major proportion   A great deal of current research indicates that dating violence is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults today Reyburn(2007). Using contraception also reduces the chance of pregnancy, but the type of contraception matters, and some methods are typically more effective than others. This essential fact is the key element of the analyses reported by the research team. The investigators guess how an enormous deal of the decrease in teen pregnancy rates might be credited to better contraception by probing shifts in the types of method used at last sex combined with the typical failure rates of these methods. How shifts in contraceptive use might give to declines in pregnancy rates have not been used beforehand improves on previous attempts to estimate the behaviours fundamental changing pregnancy rates. While more teenagers are doing the right thing adults continue to debate whether the reduction in accidental pregnancies is the result of efforts to encourage abstinence or to promote improved contraceptive protection. The analyses offered here cannot distinguish the factors and motives behind reductions in sexua l risk taking among teenagers SAM (2004). The counselling with young people for their sexual health problems, and the importance of sexual health promotion will also help tanagers to get a positive approach to the area of sexual health (Lopez et al. 2008) .Thoughtful, comprehensive approaches from providers are important, given that much of the information adolescents receive on sexuality and sexual risk is erroneous and unhealthy for them (Teitelman et al. 2009). Although this study has explored the content of preventive care received by adolescents at high risk, access to care is also critical, because most adolescents- particularly low-income adolescents, who are at highest risk of pregnancy and STIs do not make normal preventive care visits. For the at-risk adolescents who do present for a clinic visit, it is all the more important to provide effective prevention counselling (Chandra et al. 2008).Pre teenage education and counselling about the prevention of un wanted teenage pregnancies, STIs and HIV to teenagers is very important. Dual protection refers to strategies that provide guard from unnecessary pregnancy and STIs, as well as HIV. Dual shield can take various forms, including the use of condoms only or the use of condoms with a different form of contraception and the support of emergency contraception, for added safety in opposition to unwanted pregnancy. Except a couple know they are free of HIV and other STIs and are not at risk through sexual activity with others, condoms are the key constituent of double protection. Thus, better interventions are essential which hold up women as well as men to make use of condoms through sexual intercourse, both for those living with HIV and those who may be in a discordant couple or when one or both partners are engaged in sexual activity with others who may be at risk. Most methods of contraception can be used irrespective of HIV status (Gruskin et al. 2007). Children and Young People in Wirral are the most significant asset. We should help them all raise into positive and victorious adults. They can do this for themselves but we will help them by ensuring they receive information and services when they are needed and in a way they can best make use of them. We are committed to removing barriers that prevent us from providing the services that children and young people tell us they need Wirral Health and Well Being Charter for Wirral Children and Young People (2008) The aim of the policy is to enable any member of staff to assess and respond appropriately to young people’s needs with regards to sexual health, within their professional boundaries, and from an informed perspective. CONCLUSION To conclude, sexual health promotion in teenagers is a very central matter. Social cultural and political factors can hold back effective communication between health professionals and young people and can put off young people from seeking professionals help regarding sexual health issues. Sexual health promotion will reach the young people at a level that has considerable meaning to achieve change in their sexual practice and to help them to reach their most favourable sexual health and sexual identity. Sexual health promotion in teenagers will assist to reduce the rate of sexually transmitted infections, HIVs, teenage pregnancies and sexual violence. REFERENCES Abraham, C., Sheeran, P.  (2005) the health belief model.  Predicting Health Behaviour, Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models. Maidenhead: Open University Press. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Medical Association (2007) Sexuality Education, Abstinence, and Distribution of Condoms in Schools 2007. ama-assn.org/am/no-index/advocacy/8152.shtml [accessed: 22 Sep 2009]. Chandra, A. (2008) Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Paediatrics, 122(5), p.1047–1054. Coleman, L., Carter, S. (2006) planned teenage pregnancy: views and experiences of young people from poor disadvantaged backgrounds. Conner, M., Norman, P.  (2005) Predicting health behaviour: a social cognition approach.  Predicting Health Behaviour. Maidenhead: Open University Press. DCSF (2010) teenage pregnancy strategy [online] available at: www.dcsf.gov.uk. Department of Health (2001) the National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV Department of Health. London Department of health (2002) effective sexual health promotion: a tool Kit: for primary care trusts and other working in the field of promotion of good sexual health and HIV prevention. [Online] available at: www.dh.gov.uk. Department of Health (2003) Effective Sexual Health Promotion Toolkit: a Toolkit for Primary Care Trusts and Others Working in the Field of Promoting Good Sexual Health and HIV Prevention. Department of Health: London. 10. Department of health (2005) national healthy school status: a guide for schools. DH: London. 11. Department of health (2009) moving forward: progress and priorities working together for high quality of sexual health.   Stationary office: London. 12. Department of Health  (2008)  Abortion Statistics, England and Wales: 2007. London: DH. 13. DH (2010) publications, policy and guideline: primary secondary and tertiary prevention on. The stationary office London. 14. DH and DCSF (2009) sex worth talking about, www.dcsf .gov.uk, [accessed in March 2010]. 15. Evans, D. T. (2010), sexual health: exploring risk, promoting sexual health course, unpublished course material, Greenwich university. 16. Evans, D.T. (2008) unit 2 sexualities and sexual health, sexual health skills course, university of green which. 17. Family planning association (2007) sexual health a public health issue. British journal of school nursing, 2 (3), p .102-106. 18. Gruskin, S.,Ferguson, L.,Malley .J ,O.(2007) ensuring sexual and reproductive health for people living with HIV   :an overview of  Ã‚  Ã‚   key human rights ,policy and health system issues ,reproductive   health matters , 15 (29), p. 4- 26. 19. Health protection agency (2008) spot light infections. [Online] available at:www.hpa .org .UK. 20. Health Protection Agency  (2008)  All New STI Episodes Seen at GUM Clinics in the UK: 1998 2007.  London: HPA 21. Ingham, R., Nauserzadeh, S., Stone, N. (2009) SRE conference hand book 4th biennial international sex and relationships conference. 22. Lopez LM et al., Strategies for communicating contraceptive effectiveness, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008, Issue 2, No. CD006964. 23. Mayo foundation for medical education and research (2009), mayoclinic.com. 24. Medline plus (2011), US national library service of medicine.   Ã‚   25. Mellor, R. and Williams, D. (2005) sexual health of looked after children and care leavers .amended health and well being team. 26. Miller, D. and Green, J. (2002) the psychology of sexual health.6th ed. Black well science publication: lowa state university press. 27. NICE (2007)  One to one Interventions to Reduce the Transmission of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Including HIV, and to reduce the Rate of Under 18 Conceptions, Especially Among Vulnerable and At RiskGroups.London: NICE. 28. Norman, P. et al  (2005) Protection motivation theory.   Predicting Health Behaviour. Maidenhead: Open University Press 29. Nusbaum, M. and Rosenfeld, J .A. (2004) sexual health across life style ..cambridge university press. 30. Rayburn, N. R.,Jaycox, Z. H .,Mccaffery ,D. E. ,Ulloa, C., Marshall, G. N., Shelly ,G. A., (2007)reactions to dating violence among Latino teenagers :an experiment utilizing the articulated thoughts in simulated situations paradigm, journal of adolescence ,vol,30, p .893-915. 31. Royal collage of nursing (2000), sexuality and sexual health in nursing practice in London, quoting publication, code 009965. 32. Santelli, J.S. (2008) Medical accuracy in sexuality education: ideology and the scientific c process. American Journal of Public Health, 98(10):1786–1792. 33. Society for adolescent medicine (2004) confidential health care for adolescents: position paper of the society for adolescent medicine. (35), p. 80-90. 34. Teitelman, A.M., Bohinski, J.M. and Boente, A. (2009) the social context of sexual health and sexual risk for urban adolescent girls in the United States. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(7), p.460–469. 35. WHO (2007) sexual health, gender and reproductive rights. 36. Widdice, L. E., Cornell, J. L., Wendra, L. Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2006) ‘Having sex and condom use: potential risks and benefits reported by young sexually inexperienced adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 39 (4), p. 588-595. 37. Wirral Health and Well Being Charter for Wirral Children and Young People (2008).

Michel Trudeau Killed by Avalanche in 1998

Michel Trudeau Killed by Avalanche in 1998 Michel Trudeau, the 23-year-old son of former Canadian Prime Minister  Pierre Trudeau  and Margaret Kemper and younger brother of current Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was killed by an avalanche in British Columbias  Kokanee Glacier Park  on November 13, 1998. Three other skiers also present on the slopes were rescued by a national park service helicopter from the provincial park in the wilderness area northeast of Nelson, B.C., where the young Trudeau was presumed to have been pushed off the ski trail by the avalanche and swept down into Kokanee Lake, where he was believed to have drowned. A private memorial service for family and friends was held on Friday, November 20, 1998, in Outremont, Quebec, though his body was never recovered from the lake. After the Incident Nearly ten months after the avalanche that killed Michel Trudeau, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) sent a dive team into Kokanee Lake to search for his body, but a long winter, cold summer, and snow in the Rockies hampered search efforts. Before beginning the search, the R.C.M.P. cautioned that it was possible young Trudeaus body may never be found because divers could only go down to a depth of 30 meters (about 100 feet) while the lake is 91 meters (close to 300 feet) deep at its center. After nearly a month of searching - largely due to the limited number of days of open waters on the lake and the high altitude that prevented deep diving - Trudeaus family called off the search without recovering the body and later erected a chalet nearby as a memorial to Michel. More About Michel Nicknamed Miche by Fidel Castro (of all people) during a visit with his grandparents to Cuba in 1976, Michel Trudeau was born only four months before on October 2, 1975, in Ottawa, Ontario. Upon retiring from politics, Michels father Pierre moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, where the 9-year-old Michel would spend the rest of his childhood. Michel attended the Collà ©ge Jean-de-Brà ©beuf before pursuing a graduate degree in microbiology at Nova Scotias Dalhousie University. At the time of his death, Michel had been working at a mountain resort in Rossland, British Columbia for about a year.   On November 13, 1998, Michel and three friends set out on a backcountry skiing trip in the Kokanee Glacier Park, but the avalanche separated the group from Michel as he was swept downhill into the lake.   After his death, a newly discovered varietal of rose was named after him, dubbed the Michel Trudeau Memorial Rosebush, with proceeds from sales of the new flower benefitting the Canadian Avalanche Foundation, which helps survivors and victims of Canadas many avalanches recover after getting caught in one of natures most destructive natural disasters.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Research paper - Essay Example Though this term is more widely used in the realms of education, the term is also used in the area of disability rights and in the field of taxonomy. However, this paper will only focus on the inclusion regarding education. According to the Wisconsin Educational Association Council (2007), â€Å"inclusion remains a controversial concept in education because it relates to educational and social values, as well as to our sense of individual worth.† Generally, people who have other disabilities have not been able to attend regular classes due to there their physical or mental deficiencies, thus creating an atmosphere of being secluded from the public and suffer from social stress and personal development. However, as years pass by, laws were created to supervise the possibility of these children having lessons inside the comfortable environment where they could undertake there education. It was the law called LRE (Least Restrictive Environment), which made way for special children to be place in regular classes instead of having special classes which have been the traditional training for these atypical students. Several studies served as the backbone of this law and it quickly gained support in the year 1930s, when it was established, and in the year 1960s, when the rapid growth was formally announced as a breaking away from the traditional segregated self-piece practices (Dunn, 1968; Johnson 1962; Kirk 1964; Quay 1963). It was the concept of LRE that led way to the development of other laws such as IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act) which took care in improving the rights of special children in education so that they could experience normal lifestyle as far as possible. The aim of this paper is to explore the various possibilities in which inclusive education for the special children can be attained. It will cover the pros and cons of being in an inclusive education. It will also feature the outcomes of the surveys conducted

Adultery and inappropriate relationships among the ranks in the Army Research Paper

Adultery and inappropriate relationships among the ranks in the Army - Research Paper Example Female and male veterans are reported to confirm reports of rampant sexual trauma during their service in the military. The military has been reluctant to take action against these allegations. Military officials are said to have received over 3000 reports on sexual assault in the year 2011. However, reports indicate that only 191 cases have successfully been convicted in the court-martial. This has encouraged the outrageous behavior in the military circles. No wonder, the majority sexual predators are repeat offenders. Sexual assailants in the military are said to be unaware of the impact of their actions to the lives of the victims. This essay seeks to explore the issue of adultery and inappropriate relationships among ranks in the military. Many people believe that sexual ethics in the military fall under personal choices and should never be governed by the military. Research shows that most people believe that extramarital affairs should not be punishable in the military. A poll indicated that 49 percent of Americans believe that adultery should be allowed in the military. The argument in based on the fact that adultery is a personal choice regardless to whether it is right or wrong. Most of the people who back adultery in the military use the natural law theory (Mitchell, 1998). The argument suggests that the essence of having sexual urges is to explore sexual relationships with multiple partners (Brinson, 2008). The natural law suggests that it is natural to fulfill the sexual urges and desires. Multiple cases have been reported dealing with cases of immorality in the military. Army major John Lonhouser, Air force General Joseph Ralston and General David Petraus are representative of what is happening in the top ranks of the United States military. The junior ranking troops imagine that the drill sergeants live in an insular world. The junior officers believe the word from their commanders is final. As a result, they suffer from rape and sexual assaults w hile serving in the United States military. Most of these troops suffer retaliation after reporting these cases (Brinson, 2008). Sexual assaults have resulted to demoralization of the United States military, especially those who have fallen victims. The military is expected to be a moral leader in the United States. Research indicates that there is a culture of condoning military adultery and improper sexual relationships in the units of the United States army. However, the rules tend to be different for the generals (Mitchell, 1998). According research, consensual sex seems to be widely tolerated in the United States army. The media seems to put top generals into limelight. However, the military structures, culture and attitude is accustomed to sexual offences (Valente & Wight). Soldiers are known to work in extreme conditions (Brinson, 2008). They spend most long period of time away from their families. This has been attributed to the multiple cases of adultery in improper relatio nships among the ranks in the army. The department of defense has conducted large-scale surveys with regard to adultery and improper relationships in the coast guards, Marine Corps, navy army and air force active-duty personnel (Mitchell, 1998). Research confirms the women and men experience gender-related discrimination which has been in the rise in the last one decade. For long, sexual harassment had been termed as a problem facing the military women. However, men are increasingly becoming targets of improper relationships at an alarming rate. The military culture and gender based imbalances while on active duty have been cited as some of the causes of adultery and improper relationships among the military personnel. The military environment provides the sexual offenders

Alcohol Energy Drinks (AEDs) in Student Drinking Community

Alcohol Energy Drinks (AEDs) in Student Drinking Community Adapted McMasters Critical Review Form – Qualitative Studies Reference: Ferreira, S.E., de Mello, M.T., Pompeia, S., de Souza-Formigoni, M.L. 2006, ‘Effects of energy drink ingestion on alcohol intoxication’, Alcohol Clin Exp Research, no.30, pp.598–605. Letts, L., Wilkins, S., Law, M., Stewart, D., Bosch, J., and Westmorland, M., 2007, Guidelines for Critical Review Form: Qualitative Studies (Version 2.0), McMaster University, Hamilton. Simmon, M. and Mosher, J. 2007, Alcohol, energy drinks, and youth: a dangerous mix. San Rafael, CA: Marin Institute.

For Safe Assign

Poverty is rampant in the Middle East, and the region's past, current and future water crisis plays a more significant role than what is shared in the major news. While the major focus of conflict is often attributed to the devastation of violent cultural war, countries that have been major victims will need rising leaders and peacekeepers to focus on the more significant issues as to begin with a strong foundation while they rebuild. The World Bank predicts that with rapid growth, regional ; cultural instability on top of climate change, these challenges are more pressing than ever before. Water accessibility has always posed great challenges for the Middle East. In the recent decades, the changes in both the economy and infrastructure of the Middle East have made its water challenges a growing issue, to the point where the lack of water conservation could negatively affect the infrastructure and stability of these countries in the future. Rapid population and economic growth in urban areas, increasing and wasteful water consumption, geographical challenges and inadequate governance to name a few. According to studies, climate change is causing more severe and frequent weather events. Political and social turmoil have also worsened existing constraints of water scarcity. Currently, poverty doesn't appear to discriminate against regions, whether stable or unstable. The water crisis in the Middle East plays a significant role when it comes to the population's hunger, food insecurity, and lack of food production. The Arab World is where 6% of the world's population is located. Only 2% of the world's water supply is located there. Rural unemployment occurs when the amount of suitable farmland decreased and desertification increases. As more of the population suffers from little agricultural cultivation, the Middle East sees a decrease in production, and farmers find themselves without jobs or food. The lack of security in water supplies and irrigation cannot sustain productive farmland and agriculture. With a more stable structure and plan for agriculture, climate smart agricultural practices and better irrigation methods will go a long way in conserving water. The public must be part of the conservation effort through awareness. A focus on minimizing water waste, as well as efficient energy usage at desalination plants will reduce the environmental cost of producing water. In such an arid region, there is no denying water takes on critical importance. However, some natural sources do exist, though they attract the attention of those geographically close to them. The issue is who gets to claim these sources. These less fortunate populations suffer due to this continuous conflict. The Golan Heights, for example, has long been a place of conflict for critical players in the Middle East. Countries like Syria, Lebanon and Israel are engaged in conflict over this area because it holds a strategic advantage. One-third of Israel's freshwater supply originates in the Golan Heights, and promotes fertile land, which stretches from the Sea of Galilee to the Jordan River. But while this source of water aides Israel, ceding control of the Golan Heights to Syria would give Syria access to the Sea of Galilee's eastern shore and one of Israel's two largest sources of water. In addition, Jordan and Lebanon would stand to benefit from its resources. But a lack of governed structure in place to allocate and value water in a way that is sustainable will affect the countries' ability to support a civilization that could flourish and their ability to get rid of the poverty caused from a lack of water structure. It is quoted that 60 percent of the surface water resources in the Arab region are transboundary, and all countries share at least one aquifer. This further highlights how important all of the countries' cooperation and solid management of shared water resources. As poverty continues, so will contention. Urban water systems that are in place will continue to be targets of armed conflicts. Countries recovering from war and decimated infrastructure, for example, see leaking water pipes; meaning that some cities lose up to 40% of their water before it reaches the users. Ultimately, entities such as ISIL, Al Qaeda, and the Kurdish forces are perpetuated by this conflict, as they leverage their advantage and control over regions with reliable water sources. With precious and limited natural resources in the hands of these entities, there is little hope of the wealth to be shared or structured. As the economic, social and political pressures mount in the Arab world, the international focus will need to shift its focus to security and communication to avoid engagement in conflict. The above issues and nature of water scarcity and its implications for growth, prosperity and end to poverty cannot be sidelined in efforts at international dialogue and engagement.

Employee Motivation And Team Building - 891 Words

Dutchess Community College Employee Motivation and Team Building Dominique Devine BUS 104 Maureen Gittelman Due: December 3rd, 2015 Managing employees that share a low moral is not simple yet it affects productivity. I am the department manager of the shoes department for Sears Holdings Corporation. I will present three recommendations on how to boost my subordinate’s moral along with surpass the expectations and goals of my department during the busy holiday season. My employees are incredibly significant and with them I will be able to meet my goals through recognizing and training them as well as with some suggestions to acquire competitive advantage. The preliminary step to boost my employee’s attitude and morale is recognition. Respecting each employee as well as equal treatment will heighten morale. In Chapter 12, Adams states that employees are motivated to see fairness in the rewards they expect for task performance. Also mentioned in Chapter 12, I will encourage the Reinforcement Theory. Good behavior, attitude and ideas will be rewarded (positive reinforcement). In order to reward behavior of employees, the goals and quotas needed to be met will be clearly defined. Emails, phone calls and thank you notes will all be used to show employees appreciation. As a manager, I will make a particular effort to send my employees a handwritten thank you note for each miniature goal. After a few larger goals are accomplished, an appreciation day will beShow MoreRelatedTeam Plan For Team Building1046 Words   |  5 PagesTeam building alludes to an array of activities embark on to stimulate or inspire others with a goal of increasing productivity or performance of the team. Team members have to be encouraged and motivated to perform a task. Team building is a fundamental process for any organization’s success. The leader’s knowledge, skills and ability to implement quality team building activities play a vital role in the success of the organization. Team members have to unite around a common goal and the desireRead MoreReaching Maximum Employee Performance and Productivity in a Strategic Working Environment662 Words   |  3 Pagesgovernm ent environment which are among methods to improve productivity and reduce cost that impact an employee’s motivation in today’s workplace. In the government sector it is a continuous concern. Owners and managers of any businesses across the United States all have the same problem as it pertains to reducing cost and time management. This problem has to do with reaching maximum employee performance and productivity in a strategic environment (Workplace strategies). Many government contractors,Read MoreWe Need More Engagement Around Here765 Words   |  4 PagesThe Problem The employee motivation and engagement in the company is poor. 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Forming: It is the initial phase, generally new teams learning to work together and identify their purpose and have very little conflict. 2. Storming: Stage where members encounter disagreements, jealousy and exhibit lessRead MoreHow Employee Motivation Is Important For Organizations1616 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee motivation is important for organizations to produce the desired results needed and function effectively. In this essay we review rewards and recognition, trust, and employee development, as motivational issues that are challenging Cummins Western Canada today. These challenges are affecting the environment, the performance, and the culture of the organization. Looking at some motivation theories, we will analyze the issues identified and provide some ideas for improvement to this challengeRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Motivation Theory1309 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Motivation Theories: A Literature Review Motivation Theories: A Literature Review ------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Motivation Theories: A Literature Review Motivation is an important concept for managers to understand. Motivation affects direction, intensity and duration (Locke Gary, 2004). High task motivation has been found to correlate with high firm growth (Miner, Smith, et. alRead MoreThe Lack Of Leadership Management1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe Lack of Leadership The management problem is about a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Precision Imaging Centers (PIC), which affects the corporate guidance, display ineffective communication skills, lack of employee motivation, presents questionable actions of moral leadership, and inspire the need for corporate change. First of all, the CEO does not present a mission for the PICs corporation and no vision can be formed; therefore, lacks corporate direction and lacks supportive communication

The Effects Of Post Olympic Games On The Olympics

‘Bubble economy’ is the third reason of the ‘valley’ effect of post-Olympic Games. Before the Olympics, many tourists and company go into the Olympic host country to consume. They will largely promote this country s development of the construction industry, tourism, services, retail and other industries. Especially in tourism, the Olympic Games will bring numerous tourists for host city, and these tourists will consume in the city, and these tourists need pay for food, accommodation, transport, purchase goods and souvenirs and, some companies and people also will consider purchasing real estate in the Olympic Village. However, after the end of the Olympics, these tourists will leave the Olympic host country gradually, causing tourists and consumers reduce in the Olympic host city and the economic markets shrink. Because of the above reasons when the Olympics begin, the host country have a considerable economic development, the construction industry, tourism, services, retail and other industries go into a few peak. But after the Olympics, consumers leave the city, which lead to a rapid decline of the economy development. Thus the lacking of consumer lead to a number of economic and social problems, such as unemployment, poor sales of goods, tourism slump, the real estate bubble. Especially in tourism, the influence of Olympic economy bubble is the most serious for tourism. A report from The European Tour Operators Association (ETOA) shows some information. After theShow MoreRelatedImpact Of 2012 Olympics On Hospitality Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pages2012 Olympics and its impact on the hospitality industry of London. Research Background / Context On 6th July’ 2005 London was selected as the host city for the 2012 summer Olympic and Paralympics Games. 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