D Caries essays

D Caries papers Caries have been a consistent irritation to people, rotting teeth can turn into a significant issue for those influenced. It is surely not the most seasoned pathology, nor the one of the best commonness all through mankind, yet the data that can be extrapolate from such pathologies is incredible. The point of this paper is to diagram the pathology of caries and the impact that these have had on the human populaces influenced. Caries or caries dentium is the regular name for tooth rot. It is a nearby infection, which is described by an irreversible and changeless devastation of the tooth hard tissue, finish. Hence spreads the obliteration to the remainder of the tooth and, and perhaps prompting tooth misfortune and conceivably diseases in different regions, all the more explicitly through the maxillary or mandibular territories. Additionally I have incorporated some different imperfections that are import and not exclusively to the perception of caries yet by and large pathologies and their suggestions for the people influenced. In this paper I will endeavor to plot the reasons for this ailment and a portion of the various components that cause it, the same number of contribute to the procedure. Likewise I will show how these progressions were realized and how these influenced the people with caries. To start I will acquaint the peruser he with different imperfections that influence a similar territory and ought to be viewed as when any examination of the zone is to be comprehended. Any unsettling influence, for example, serious disease can disturb finish development. That interruption of lacquer development will leave a suffering record as a bewilderment of veneer crystals. Since the human dental development succession is known, the age at which the lacquer aggravation happened can be resolved from the area of the unsettling influence inside the veneer. A standard outline for dental improvement can be counseled for this reason. There is broad writing (presently more than 500 articles) on the study of disease transmission and etiology of finish abandons. A significant number of which have been... <!

History of American Economic Growth in the 20th Century

History of American Economic Growth in the twentieth Century As the American economy developed in the twentieth century, the freewheeling business magnate lost shine as an American perfect. The essential change accompanied the rise of the enterprise, which showed up first in the railroad business. Different enterprises before long followed. Business noblemen were being supplanted by technocrats, high-salaried directors who turned into the heads of organizations. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the time of the industrialist and the looter nobleman was finding some conclusion. It was less that these compelling and affluent business people (who for the most part by and by claimed greater part and controlling stakes in their industry) vanished, yet rather that they were supplanted with corporations. The ascent of the partnership activated, thus, the ascent of a sorted out work development that filled in as a countervailing power to the force and impact of business. The Changing Face of the Early American Corporation The biggest mid twentieth century companies were a lot bigger and more confounded than the business ventures that preceded. To keep up gainfulness in a changing financial atmosphere, American organizations in businesses as assorted as oil refining to bourbon refining started to develop in the late nineteenth century. These new companies, or trusts, were abusing a system known as even blend, which allowed those enterprises the capacity to restrict creation so as to raise costs and look after productivity. Be that as it may, these companies normally ran into legitimate difficulty as infringement of the Sherman Antitrust Act. A few organizations took another course, utilizing a procedure of vertical incorporation. Rather than keeping up costs through control of the creation gracefully as in even procedures, vertical methodologies depended on getting control in all parts of the flexibly bind required to deliver their item, which gave these partnerships more authority over their expenses. With more command over costs came progressively steady and ensured benefit for the partnership. With the advancement of these progressively confused companies came the requirement for new administration methodologies. In spite of the fact that the exceptionally brought together administration of past times didn't altogether vanish, these new associations offered ascend to progressively decentralized dynamic through divisions. While still managed by focal administration, divisional corporate officials would in the long run be given greater obligation regarding business choices and initiative in their own bit of the company. By the 1950s, this multi-divisional authoritative structure turned into the developing standard for enormous enterprises, which by and large moved partnerships from dependence on prominent officials and cemented the fall of the business nobles of the past.â â The Technological Revolution of the 1980s and 1990s The innovative upheaval of the 1980s and 1990s,â however, brought another enterprising society that resounded the period of big shots. For example, Bill Gates, the head of Microsoft, assembled a colossal fortune creating and selling PC programming. Doors cut out a domain so beneficial that by the late 1990s, his organization was taken into court and blamed for threatening opponents and making an imposing business model by the U.S. Equity Departments antitrust division. Yet, Gates likewise settled a beneficent establishment that immediately turned into the biggest of its sort. Most American business pioneers of today don't lead the prominent existence of Gates. They contrast enormously from the head honchos of the past. While they direct the destiny of partnerships, they likewise serve on sheets of noble cause and schools. They are worried about the condition of the national economy and Americas relationship with different countries, and they are probably going to travel to Washingto n to meet with government authorities. While they without a doubt impact the administration, they don't control it - as certain head honchos in the Gilded Age accepted they did.

Where are we going

Where are we going At East Campus HouseComm last week, we learned something unexpected. Our housemasters of several years, Prof. Julian Wheatley and his wife Marjorie, will be leaving for South Asia at the end of this school year. Which means that we will have to find a new housemaster. The new housemaster will be chosen by a committee, which is comprised of other housemasters, Student Life staff, two GRTs, and two residents of the dorm. We held elections to choose the two student reps. A lot of people ran, more than Ive seen run for any position in East Campus. We talked about ourselves for a few minutes, then got kicked out so that everyone could talk about us and the halls could vote (in EC, there are ten halls, and each hall gets a single vote in HouseComm). Eventually, Conor 07 (of 2nd West) and I were chosen for the two spots, giving me yet another hat to wear. Whoever the new housemaster is, Im only going to have to live with him or her for a year. Same for Conor. But we both think its really important to make sure that EC gets a good housemaster, because we want EC to continue to be EC after we are gone. I believe that this illustrates an important point about MIT. At many universities, policy-makers act under the assumption that there is no institutional memory and that attitudes are transient, and theyre often correct. They figure that most current students will be gone within four years, and that the ones coming in will be okay with whatever is put into place because theyve never known anything else. And the students also figure that theyre going to be gone in a few years, and why bother to care about something thats not going to affect them personally? Anyone who tried to do this at MIT would run into significant difficulty. Because of the famed oral tradition, the number of grad students who were MIT undergrads Back In The Day, the number of alums generally lurking around, and forums like mit-talk (a mailing list) and white-magic (a zephyr instance), memories stay around for a long time. Theres a lot less transience. Students truly feel that MIT is their community and not simply their school, not a place theyre merely passing through, and they have enough of an emotional investment to want to make sure that the things they care about are preserved for future generations of students. As someone active in student government, I spend a lot of time thinking about and working on things that will impact future students as much as or more than current ones. Over the last couple of weeks, theres been a huge increase in the number and intensity of rumors about mandatory meal plans (this is one of those issues where the rumors never actually go away, sort of like the US governments Terror Alert Level never goes down to green, but where they increase in intensity when somethings up other than the usual free-floating paranoia). I spent quite a while trying to track down these rumors and talking to others about them, including a half-hour conversation with Jeff 06, President of Random Hall, at a Halloween party. Much to my relief, Dean of Student Life Larry Benedict told us quite firmly that he did not intend for there ever to be mandatory meal plans. But given that Jeff will be out of here soon and Ill probably be out of here before such plans would be implemented, it illus trates my point about students caring very deeply about MIT and its culture beyond their own time here. Of course, as I indicated previously (and in this entry), their own time here is not always well-defined. I went to see the Star Wars musical last night. It was a fantastic show, and Great Job! to my friends who were involved in it, but the reason I bring it up is that, if you look at the cast list, theres a lot of people who are, shall we say, not very current. Like Rob 96, who played Uncle Owen and Jabba the Hut. And David 89, who played Ben/Obi-Wan Kenobi. And the wonderful Edmund Bonk 99, who played Chewbaccabut who I usually associate with having been one of the great activists who founded the now-defunct student advocacy organization ILTFP (I Love This Fing Place) many years ago. And of course, moving away from the Star Wars thing but still thinking of alums, theres Matt, who was no slouch himself when it came to the activism thing. ;) Ive had some good conversations with Matt. Where are we going? Sometimes Im not sure, but reflecting on what I know of the past, I hope Im doing a good enough job helping to make it a good place.

Essay about Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Of all Shakespeare’s thirty-seven plays, perhaps the best known and loved is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Many people think that it is unforgettable because of its poetic language and style. But, while these are factors that mark the play as a classic, it remains timeless because it explores many of the issues that are still important to people today. These issues, including loyalty to family and country, protecting loved ones, and deception are still prevalent around the world, and are especially prominent in the United States government. Another play that addresses major issues that are still relevant to society, especially women, is Susan Glaspell’s Trifles. Because Glaspell’s play†¦show more content†¦In his famous soliloquy, Hamlet asks himself, â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question: Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them?† (III. i. 56-60). Thus, Hamlet first asks himself whether he should be his father’s avenger or not. More specifically, he asks himself whether it is more righteous to silently endure the rest of his uncle’s reign as king without getting revenge, or to end his suffering by killing his uncle to get revenge as his father wants. When asking himself this question, he is also taking into account his own life and how he might be hurt by keeping his loyalty to his father: To die, to sleep-- / No more—and by a sleep to say we end / The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks / That flesh is heir to! ‘Tis a consummation / Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep-- / To sleep—perchance to dream. (III. i. 60-65) This shows that he is exploring the possibility that he may also be killed in his search for revenge. It almost sounds as if he is foreshadowing his own death because he says that ending the â€Å"heartache† is something he desires. Therefore, Hamlet seriously questions whether he should remain loyal to his father, because he takesShow MoreRelatedThe Slave Mortality Presented By Nietzsche In His Genealogy1396 Words   |  6 Pagescould that way our frail bodies could survive. This take still has a place in the culture that we face today and in a lot of ways it has no place. Both of the plays The Good Woman of Setzuan by Bertolt Brecht and Trifles by Susan Glaspell depict worlds that are full of evil. In Trifles, a woman murders her husband and two of her friends justify it by using the slave s morality. He took away her ability to sing so it is justifiable that she killed him. Glaspell makes it clear that the house was â€Å"notRead MoreExpo5600 Words   |  23 PagesMacbeth: Easy Questions, Difficult Answers DERICK MARSH Macbeth is not an obscure play. The course of the action, unlike that of Hamlet, can easily be summarized. Most readers and audiences can come to some general agreement on what the play is about, provided that they can offer answers to the two major questions of understanding that the play poses. These answers, it need hardly be said, cannot be precise and absolute, since Shakespeare s plays, like life, never allow us the delusion of perfectRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 Pagesthe publication Anita Pacheco and David Johnson (eds) (2012) The Renaissance and Long Eighteenth Century, published by The Open University and Bloomsbury Academic. Learning outcomes After studying this unit you should be able to: understand the treatment of the themes of love and death in Acts 1 and 2 of John Webster’s play The Duchess of Malfi examine other related themes and concerns of Acts 1 and 2 carry out textual analysis recognise some of the historical contexts of the play. Background JohnRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare and Macbeth8813 Words   |  36 Pagesstory;  Macbeth  contains many examples of imagery and language that Shakespeare borrowed directly from his source, a practice common to all writers. For example, compare these words of Holinshed with Shakespeares words. Holinshed: What manner of women (saith he) are you, that seeme so little favourable unto me, whereas to my fellow heere, besides high offices, ye assign also the kingdom? Banquho My noble partner / You greet with present grace, and great prediction / Of noble having, and of royal

Malcolm X An Emotional Breakdown - 851 Words

Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little. He was born May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His parents were Louis Norton Little and Earl Little. His parents had eight children. His mother was a homemaker and his father was an outspoken Baptist leader. His father’s civil rights activism got him sent death threats from the Black Legion. This made his family relocate twice before his fourth birthday. In 1929, his home in Lansing, Michigan was burned. In 1931, when Malcolm was only six years old, his father’s body was found lying across the town’s train tracks. Several years after, Malcolm’s mother had an emotional breakdown. She was sent to a mental institution, making the children be split up into foster homes and orphanages. In 1946, he and his friend Malcolm Jarvis got arrested and charged for burglary charges. He was sentenced ten years in prison, but he was let out on parole after seven years. Later, he was in a period of self-enlightenment. His brother, Reginald, often visited him. When he visited, they would talk about Muslim religion. His brother belonged to the Nation of Islam. Malcolm had begun to study the teachings of the leader, Elijah Muhammad. By the time he was paroled, he was a devoted follower of the NOI. He changed his last name to â€Å"X’, because â€Å"Little† was a slave name, and â€Å"X† would represent his lost tribal name. X was made a minister and national spokesman for the NOI. He was also charged with establishing new mosques in Detroit and Harlem. He used paper columns,Show MoreRelatedQuitting Was Not An Option For Malcolm X918 Words   |  4 Pages Quitting was not an option for Malcolm X. Throughout his problematic life, Malcolm had to deal with so many obstacles in his way of success. He faced orphanage at an early age due to his father’s death and mother’s insanity, got caught up in criminal activity and even went to prison because of his actions. When he believed he found his calling in the religious group, the Nation of Islam, he was eventually betrayed by it’s leader, Elijah Muhammad, and was absolutely broken. Anyone in hisRead MoreMalcolm Xs Life and Accomplishments628 Words   |  3 PagesMalcolm X, Born name Malcolm Little, was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 1925. His mother was Louise Norton, which had eight children including Malcolm. His fatherâ€⠄¢s name was Earl Little, who was a Baptist preacher and strong supporter of the Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Before Malcolm’s fourth birthday, the family was forced twice to relocate due to death threats from the white supremacist organization, Black Legion. Despite their efforts to get away from them in 1929, the Legion burnedRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent than King’s protests, he did his part and help with equality. This man was Malcolm Little, more famously known as Malcolm X. After a rough upbringing, Malcolm X led protests that differed which ended with his assassination. His protesting didn’t start when the Civil Rights Movement started; it started with his rough childhood. He was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was born with the name Malcolm Little. His mother was Louise Norton Little. She was a homemaker occupied with theRead MoreMalcolm X : A Man Who Changed American History1453 Words   |  6 Pages Malcolm X The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alex Haley is the story about a man who greatly impacted American history. Malcolm Little, or Malcolm X as he is more widely known, taught what he believed in regards to segregation, racism, and discrimination. Growing up in a large family with a father Earl Little, a Baptist minister, and his mother Louis Little who was a homemaker, Malcolm’s life at the time seemed very promising. His father’s involvement in support of the BlackRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X As Told By Alex Haley1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alex Haley is the story about a man who greatly impacted American history. Malcolm Little, or Malcolm X as he is more widely known, taught what he believed in regards to segregation, racism, and discrimination. Growing up in a large family with a father Earl Little, a Baptist minister, and his mother Louis Little, who was a homemaker, Malcolm’s life at the time seemed very promising. His father’s involvement in support of the Black National gained him manyRead MoreMalcolm X : All These Things1073 Words   |  5 PagesHicken B8 Malcolm X Minister, political activist, author, ex-convict, self-made man. . . Malcolm X was all these things. Although his ideology was often divisive, no one could deny that he was a central figure of the African-American civil rights movement of the 1960s. From his troubled youth to his religious conversions to his assassination at the age of 39, Malcolm X’s story was often dramatic and always compelling. He was a complex and charismatic figure, and his influence lives on. Malcolm X wasRead MoreDr. Ben Carson As A Leader Of A Nation1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States’ presidential election in 2016. Despite this, some question his ability to lead a nation, considering his lack of political background. Indeed, Carson currently faces issues similar to past leaders in the black community, such as Malcolm X, whose leadership was questioned as they lacked traditional experience. A large part of Carson’s public image is best summed up in his announcement, â€Å"I am not a politician. I don t want to be a politician† (bio). He proclaims, â€Å"Politicians do whatRead MoreThe Beliefs of Martin Luther King Jr. versus Malcolm X Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesLuther King Jr. versus Malcolm X â€Å"I have a dream, that one day little black boys and black girls will join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sister and brother.† (de Kay 75)†¦Martin Luther King Jr. During the past century, the United States of America has wresled with the problem of inequality between black and white people. Two influential people who helped to combat racism and the inequality of man were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther KingRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1967 Words   |  8 PagesMalcolm X In the course of human history there will always be change. In order to bring about that change there must be something that is so controversial that it can break people away from the normal routine they have been accustomed to. Few people can raise the amount of attention needed to fuel that controversy. Malcolm X was one of those few that would die trying to achieve that attention. Earl Little was a black Baptist minister and an avid civil rights activist. On May 19, 1925 in OmahaRead MoreMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Era1852 Words   |  8 PagesDuring a very significant time period of American History, many leaders, particularly Malcolm X, rose to prominence during the Civil Rights era. The mid 1900’s was a time of racial segregation, and discrimination leading to a worldwide issue between the black and white races. â€Å"By any means necessary†, a famous quote breeds from this time of racial discrimination which brought together thousands of people to get what th ey as humans deserved. 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans

Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East Free Essays

History shows many instances of discrimination and unequal rights for women. Women have been looked down upon and been abused by men in many different countries and cultures. There is a history for inequity of women, especially domestic violence and abuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East or any similar topic only for you Order Now These dilemmas have been going on for the many years in the past, and are still going on today, especially in Middle Eastern countries. One major aspect of the situation of abuse towards women is involved with marriage. In many Middle Eastern countries, it is common for parents to arrange or even force a marriage, and for the children to have no say in it (Child Brides). I believe that this is a large part of the cause for aggression and abuse against the women. In an article from Gaza City called Abuse of Women Still Rife in Palestinian Life, Says Study ¬, a girl named Saana described how she had to endure beating from her father and then her husband as well. Saana’s father arranged a marriage for her, and in the second week of marriage her husband started beating her. He had no apparent reason for beating her. Also, after marrying this man, Saana found out that he had been conducting another relationship with a 15-year-old girl. Her husband eventually dumped her back at her parents’ house. In this culture, divorced women have very bad reputations, no matter what the situation is. Because of this, Saana returned home from her physically abusive husband to verbal abuse from her father. Studies in Gaza show that â€Å"†¦more than one in five women say they suffer physical domestic violence but there is not a single women’s shelter. † (Abuse of Women). Although many women are being abused, the government is doing very little, if anything to help them. Even law enforcement officers are very biased. There is basically nothing keeping men from abusing women. Penalties for men who kill or hurt their wives are very insignificant. Also, only male relatives are allowed to file incest charges on behalf of children. Police routinely ‘mediate’ causes of sexual and physical abuse by returning the victims to the ‘care’ of the perpetrators, which obviously doesn’t help the victim at all. Very few women have submitted complaints, though there is so much abuse going on. This may be because they are afraid of their husbands finding out that they complained, and for that reason beating them even more. An article written in 2006 mentioned that of 85 cases of rape in 2003, only in one single case resulted in conviction. (Abuse of Women). According to other online articles, some families arrange marriages for their daughters as young as 7 years old (Child Brides). For example, there was one court case in Saudi Arabia in which a father wanted to allow his 8-year-old daughter to get married to a 47-year-old man. The mother of the daughter was divorced from the father. A relative stated that the mother was determined on getting the marriage overturned. (Eight-year-old girl’s Marriage) There are also some miscellaneous issues about to rights of women, unrelated to marriage. One such example is that women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive cars. A well-known Islamic Scholar named Sheikh Ayed Al-Qarni stated that this rule is based on religious reasons. Al-Qarni set out four clarifying statements: â€Å"One: I do not see women driving cars in our country because of the consequences that would spring from it such as the spread of corruption, women uncovering their hair and faces, mingling between the sexes, men being alone with women and the destruction of the family and society in whole. Two: Sadd Al-Dharaie principle (the closing of doors which could lead to corruption or sinful actions) is one of the values in our religion. Women driving cars is a sinful thing. It is used by those who want to wage a war against purity and hijab. Three: One of the principles of our religion is protecting honor and moral values. Women driving cars would threaten these principl es because of the dire consequences resulting from it. Four: Such public issues must be brought up with the certified religious institution who have the say in such matters as I have said many times before. (Women Driving Cars Is a Sinful Thing: Al-Qarni). Though it may be that a religion includes a rule disallowing women to drive, the women should have a right to choose whether to follow this religious rule or not, and not have to endure any legal punishment if they choose not to. Though it seems that the idea of equal rights for women in the Middle East is an impossible notion, there are actually people who care and are working to solve this issue. In Gaza, there have been non-governmental organizations that have been dedicating effort to reduce domestic violence n the area. One such organization featured on BBC News concluded that a major role in domestic violence is the frustration in men after the stress of political and social issues in Gaza. Abu Fahdi, a former abuser, said, â€Å"For us, the war really begins after the military war is over. Here in Gaza men are supposed to be providers. The siege, the strikes, in one way or another they affect all households in Gaza – poverty, hunger, homelessness. Men are really frustrated. They sometimes take it out on their wives. In Gaza, however, there are few places for a woman to run. â€Å"There are no shelters here. Just clinics where women can get comfort, advice or anti-depressants – more often than not, without their husbands knowing. † (Gazan Women). Psychiatrist Suha Mousa works with women that have faced abusive husbands. She says it’s difficult to work with these women because it can get complicated to intervene in their family lives. She explains that if a husband divorces his wife or if she leaves him and returns home to her father’s house, she could lose all access to her children. It is thought by many that the Islam religion includes unequal rights for women. This is because the Islam religion requires women to be ‘modest’ and wear headscarves to hide their hair and skin. These restrictions make people believe that women are lower than men. Female member of parliament Jamila al-Shanti disagrees greatly with this idea. She believes that a reason for domestic violence is less-than-adequate amount of respect for women. â€Å"From the moment of birth, a baby boy is celebrated. A baby girl is accepted,† she says. Jamila al-Shanti believes that when people say that â€Å"Islam dictates that women should be at the bottom of the pile,† it is not Islam; it is bad traditions and habits that cause this harsh judgment of women. It is the opinion of human rights groups that laws in Gaza deal with cases of violence much too leniently. They usually consider issues like domestic violence or even cases of husbands murdering their wives family affairs. (Gazan Women) These issues in Gaza, Saudi Arabia, and other Middle Eastern countries cause pain and suffering to be part of every-day life for women. As time passes, people work hard to stop such problems that degrade women. They may never be completely wiped out, but they can be greatly reduced if enough people dedicate themselves towards helping this cause. Women deserve equal rights as much as men do, and this is expressed in the Declaration of Human Rights. Works Cited â€Å"8-year-old Girl’s Marriage Ruled Legal – UPI. com. † Latest News, Latest News Headlines, News Articles, News Video, News Photos – UPI. com. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Adler, Katya. â€Å"BBC NEWS | Middle East | Gazan Women Face Rise in Abuse. BBC News – Home. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Macintyre, Donald. â€Å"Abuse of Women Still Rife in Palestinian Life, Says Study – Middle East, World – The Independent. † The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Qusti, Raid. â€Å"Women Driving Cars Is a Sinful Thing: Al-Qarni. † Arab News Newspaper. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Stritof , Sheri, and Bob Stritof. â€Å"Child Brides — Forced Marriage of Children — The Problem of Early Marriages. † Marriage — THE Starting Place for Exploring Marriage and Marriage Issues. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . How to cite Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East, Papers

Quality Manuals in Orbital Traction

Introduction The aim of the study is to analyse the statement that â€Å"quality manuals are a waste of time, they take too long to prepare and don’t make any difference to the quality of the product† based on the Orbital Traction case study (Ai 8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Manuals in Orbital Traction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Orbital Traction is a company that manufactures high quality products using different quality manual standards that apply across each department of the company for quality assurance (Bronson Merryman 2010). The purpose of a quality manual is to â€Å"satisfy a need, meet product specifications, and provide a service or product that is free of deficiencies† (Voss 2005, p.7). To achieve the quality assurance goal at Orbital Traction, the quality assurance department is responsible for writing the quality manual that provides a framework for developi ng high quality products and services that are consisted with the standards of quality that are detailed in the quality manual (Bhuiyan Alam 2005). According to Bronson and Merryman (2010), a quality manual is mandatory for the purpose of complying with the standards of quality that are detailed in the ISO 9000 standard and control documents. However, it raises the question that is a quality manual a waste of time to write? Costly in terms of resources The quality assurance department at Orbital Traction invests time and money and other resources to develop quality manuals that provide a quality assurance framework for the company’s quality management system to ensure better service delivery. Here, a quality management â€Å"system is maintained and continually improved through the use of the quality policy, quality objectives, internal and external audit results, analysis of data, corrective and preventive action and periodic management reviews† (Voss (2005, p.3). Ze iler (2011) agree that the task of writing quality manuals is a complex process that requires inputs from different sources such as knowledgeable experts and well-skilled human resources. That allows the quality assurance department to keep abreast with the constant need to revise the quality policies, audit results, quality objectives and conduct management reviews for all the items in the quality manual.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study by Zeiler (2011) shows a company develops quality manuals to monitor, verify, validate, inspect, and test the process requirements of a good quality product. However, the need to write a new quality manual by the quality assurance department when Orbital Traction develops a new product is contradictory process because to develop a new product or service, the new product or service is introduced with a specifications document that pro vides details and standard measures of quality that are required of the product. Now writing a new quality manual for the product or service of what already has been done requires additional resources and time to execute and the net results are the same document that already exists. Quality Manual Analysis The quality manual used in this case was written by the Orbital Traction Company. Feng, Terziovski and Samson (2007) argue that a quality manual development process undergoes several steps such as identifying the specific processes applicable across different departments of the organisation, determining how the processes interact with each other, establishing the criteria for interaction of the processes, designing the processes, establishing control processes for each product development, establishing quality controls and monitoring measures, and creating processes for quality control and management (Antony 2004). However, the details must be integrated into the product specifica tions document of product development once the quality manual has been developed, but the details might be discarded because the quality manual is a general document and new changes to product development have to be reflected into the quality manual when they occur. That means the quality manual can either be discarded or reviewed to meet changes in product development, showing that the product specifications document is the source of the details in the quality manual and not vice versa, as it should be.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Manuals in Orbital Traction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Saaksvuori and Immonen (2005) â€Å"correctness, integrity, usability, reliability, and maintainability† (p.22) define the product quality metrics that are universal for any product that are generally defined in the quality manual and not the specific details of product development based on sp ecific product quality metrics to ensure quality assurance. However, innovation cannot be guaranteed if the quality manual does not stipulate new product development details in real time or if the details about a product are not consistent with the details in the quality manual. That denies skilled workers the opportunity to use their skills for innovation and look to the quality manual for each product development. According to Edvardsson (2005), if a new product is to be developed, management must take time to audit results, review process performance and product conformance to quality standards, and review customer feedback about the quality of the resulting product. However, it takes a lot of time to write a quality manual that provides a framework for reviewing outputs and allocating resources for product development. It is possible that by the time a product has been developed and put on the shelves using the guidelines of a new quality manual, the product will be obsolete and uncompetitive. A company is supposed to be dynamic in innovation and should always respond in real time to changing needs for new and high quality products to be competitive. According to Hornecker (2010), a lot of time is not only spent to develop the quality manual for the new product, but resources are also committed to write the quality manual, limiting productivity and just in time responses. In addition, by the time a quality manual becomes functional, the products developed using the quality manual will still be the same and uncompetitive in the market because the time they are brought to the shelves is behind schedule, which makes the product to be begins schedule. Product realization When using a quality manual, the product development procedures undergo constant planning and budgeting processes that entail the ‘planning of product realization phase’, which is according to the statement that â€Å"organization shall plan and develop the processes needed for p roduct realization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Planning of product realization shall be consistent with the requirements of the other processes of the quality management system† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.4). However, an assessment of Orbital Traction shows that the planning process entails the company establishing quality objectives under specific product development requirements. Here, the quality manual’s â€Å"planning process involves establishing processes, creating product specific documents, and assigning resources for the development of the product† (Kinicki Williams 2010, p.34). Another statement on product realization that creates a conflict at the Orbital tracts quality assurance department is that the â€Å"required verification, validation, monitoring, inspection and test activities specific to the product and the criteria for product acceptance† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.6) should provide guidelines on the creation and use of a quality manual. Orbital Traction has product development specifications and standards (Green 2005). The above statement recommends that, a quality manual should be written to specify the required â€Å"verification and validation† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.6) of a product. Here, the statement stops short of stating the validation and verification procedures and the outcome from those procedures. However, the statement does not elaborate how the monitoring tests should be done, but specifies that the procedures should be consistent with the criteria for â€Å"product acceptance† (Das, Paul Swierczek 2008, p.17). However, those details are already specified in the product development manual that shows that more time is taken to write the statements that already exist in other product specification documents (Schmenner Tatikonda 2005). Another duplication of what already exists is expressed in the statement that â€Å"records need to provide evidence that the realization processes and resulting product meet product requirements† (Jang Lin , 2008, p.7). The statement is a repetition of what already is in product specifications document and writing a quality manual based on the statement is clear violation of the principle of repeatability. How else can a product be developed without the required documentation? The statement continues to state that â€Å"the output of this planning shall be in a form that is suitable for the organization’s method of operations† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.8). One is made to conclude that the task of writing a quality manual is a waste of time while the final product remains the same (Heese, Cattani, Ferrer, Gilland Roth 2005). The question is, how does the final product remain the same and yet the quality manual has been used to guide in development process and procedures and to make recommendations for meeting the quality standards? Design and development The procedures and requirements for the design and development of products are in accordance with the ISO 1900 requirements enshrined in the statement, which states that â€Å"the outputs of design and development shall be provided in a form that enables verification against the design and development input and shall be approved prior to release† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.11). Here, the summarized statement asserts that the final product shall comply with requirements such that â€Å"the input requirements† should be detailed in the quality manual. Appropriate information â€Å"for purchasing, production and service provision, and references for product acceptance criteria† (Bayazit 2003, p.34) should be detailed in the quality manual (Edvardsson 2005). However, when comparing the quality manual with the quality assurance and quality management procedures and the product specifications document, it reveals that more details are contained in the quality assurance and product specifications documents (Devadasan, Goshteeswaran Gokulachandran 2005). Other issues such as â€Å"product quality reviews and the control of design and development changes are demonstrated in the statement† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.9), which says that the â€Å"design and development changes shall be identified and records maintained† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.9). The changes shall be reviewed, verified and validated as appropriate and approved before implementation† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.9). The statement further says that â€Å"the review of design and development changes shall include evaluation of the effect of the changes on constituent parts and product already delivered† (Jang Lin, 2008, p.9). A critical analysis of the statement shows that the same statements are repeated again and again. The position of quality manual at Orbital Traction In context of the arguments by Grieves (2006), Orbital Traction has a quality manual that spans the whole product realization and development processes and procedures. The requirements for product specifications are written in the qualit y manual for the product developers to comply with. According to (Ai 12), the manual complied with the ISO 9001: 2008 standard requirements on quality manuals. ISO 9001: 2008 sets standards for companies to develop and use their own quality manuals for quality management. It is important to ensure that when developing a product, skilled manpower should be left to innovate and develop products that are consistent with changes in demand. Typically, Orbital Traction’s manual is a duplication of the ISO 9000 requirements, the quality management framework, the quality assurance requirements and product specifications manual (Ai 12). Conclusion In conclusion, quality manuals are a waste of time because companies such as Orbital Traction use quality manuals as a standard that provides guidelines for product development and project implementation. Orbital Traction invests time and money and other resources to develop quality manuals that provide a quality assurance framework for prod uct development and service delivery. Writing quality manuals is a complex process that requires the input of different resources such as knowledgeable and skilled human resources, who have to be paid for the service delivered and other inputs they make for what has already been written, which is a waste of time. References Ai, X 2002, U.S. Patent No. 6,406,399. 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Saaksvuori, A Immonen, A 2005, Product lifecycle management. Springer, Berlin. Schmenner, RW Tatikonda, MV 2005, Manufacturing process flexibility revisited. International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol. 12, no. 25, pp. 1183-1189. Voss, CA 2005, ‘Paradigms of manufacturing strategy re-visited’, International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol. 12, no. 25, pp. 1223-1227. This essay on Quality Manuals in Orbital Traction was written and submitted by user Kinsey Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.